SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF FIVE IMPORTED TIMBER FROM SINGAPORE | 31/12/2016

Integrated free trade system in South East Asia area known as MEA (Economic ASEAN Society) has been launched since 2015. Then, human resources from ASEAN countries have spreaded into the ASEAN regions(Tribunnews, 2016; Kompas, 2016; Latief, 2016). Similarly, forest product’s trade is also raised after the launch of the system. During the high commission conference of ASEAN leader’s in Kuala Lumpur, 1997, all country delegations agreed to form the free trade system with four main pillars, firstly ASEAN as single market based on single product which is supported by free flow of goods, services, investement, educated human resources, and capital flows. Secondly, performing ASEAN as highly competitive economic area, which is supported by competition regulation system, consumen protection, intelectual property rights, development of infrastructre, taxation and e-commerce. Thirdly, ASEAN as an economic developmet point that focuses on the development of small and medium enterprises as well as ASEAN integrative initiatif for Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. Finally, ASEAN as fully integrated area which is coherently support global economic by imporving the role in the global trade network (Andiani, 2015).

Based on the four main pillars, South East Asia is expected to be the single market where products could flow freely in the area. Forest product’s trade is also expected to flow more freely in the area. Previously, forest product’s trade in the area is centralized in Singapore and the MEA system allows more freely forest product trade in Singapore. Indonesian timber based industries is accustomed to purchase forest product materials from Singapore even the tax duty is relatively high. Timber traded in Singapore is coming from South East Asia Region, including Indonesia.

Wood species identification from collected Indonesian industry who imported the timber from Singapore shows there is a possibility of the species is originated from Indonesia. Wood species identification reveals that the wood species is commonly grown in South East Asia region, including Indonesia, however it doesn’t show the place of origin. The original tree grow points could be clarified by wood DNA test as well as export and import document. Wood Anatomy Laboratory, the Center for Forest Products Research and Development is currently able to do wood identification based on authentic collection, however the lab is not able to do the DNA testing. Five wood samples were collected from Indonesian industry based in Jakarta, who imported timber from Singapore. General characteristic is observed from sanded wood samples according to Mandang and Pandit (2002). Wood anatomical properties were observed based on International Association of Wood Anatomist (IAWA) Committeelist (Wheeler, Baas, & Gasson, 1989). Wood species identification is conducted based on the database software developed by Forest Products Research and Development (Mandang, 2006).

Wood identification test reveals the first sample is bongin wood (Irvingia sp.), familyof Simarubaceae. The second sample is mahagony (Swietenia sp.), family of Meliaceae, and the third wood sample is bintangur wood (Calophyllum sp.) family of Clusiaceae. The fourth sample is saga wood (Adenanthera sp.) family of Leguminosae and the fifth wood sample is jengkol wood (Pithecellobium sp.), family of Leguminosae.

Wood sample A is bongin wood (Irvingia sp.),family of Simarubaceae. The wood Irvingia malayana is traded as ‘kabok’ or in english known as ‘Barking deer’s mango’. In Indonesia, the wood species is known as ‘kayu bongin’. Local name of bongin is ‘kayu batu’ (Kalimantan) and ‘pauh kijang’ (Sumatera). Similarly, it is also known as ‘pauh kijang’in Malaysia, and ‘entilit’wood in Sarawak and ‘selangan tandok’in Sabah. In Myanmar, the wood is known as ‘taung-thayet’, while in Thailand, the wood is commercially known as ‘kra bok’ (middle), ‘ma muen’ (north), and ‘maak bok’ (northeast). Bongin tree is naturally grown in Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia mostly Sumatera, Baweanisland,and Kalimantan (Yusuf, 1998).

Wood sample B is mahagony (Swietenia sp.), family of Meliaceae. Mahagony wood is one of commercial wood which is popularly known fro furniture and construction. Swietenia genera is having three species naturally distributed in tropical part of America, Mexico, Altin America includes Bolivia, Peru,and Brasil. Mahagony trees have been developed in Asia tropical areas such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina (Prawirohatmadjo, 1994). The species is commercially traded as ‘mahogany’ and ‘baywood’ and in Franch is known as ‘Acajou’. In Indonesia, the wood species is known as mahoni, then in Thailand is known as ‘mahokkani-baiyai’, ‘mahokkani-bailek’, and in Vietnam is known as ‘gi[as]i ng[uwj]a’.

Wood sample C is known as bintangur (Calophyllum sp.), familyof Guttiferae. Genera  Calophyllumconsists about 190 species, distributed along Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, micronesia, melanesia and Northern part of Australia. The timber is commercially known as ‘bintangor’, and it known as ‘penaga’ (Sabah), and ‘bakakol, entangor’ (Serawak). In the Philippines, the wood species is known as ‘bintanghol’, and Myanmar people knows this wood species as ‘tharapi, poon’. Thai peoples know this wood species as ‘krathing’ and ‘tanghonbayai’. In Vietnam, bintangor wood is known as m[uf]u, c[oof]ng (Lim, 1994).   

Wood sample D is saga wood (Adenanthera sp.), family of Leguminosae. Genera of Adenanthera consists of 12 species grow from Srilanka, Myanmar, Southern part of China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, Solomon Island and Australia. The genera are planted in government and private lands, then its natural habitat is hardly traced. Indonesia and Malaysia grows A. pavonina as shade tree in coffee, clove and rubber crops (Rojo, 1998).

Wood sample E is jengkol wood (Pithecellobium sp.), familyof Leguminosae. The synonim of genera of Pithecellobium is Archiodendron which comprises of 94 species distributed along Indian, Srilanka, Southern part of China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Micronesia, Solomonisland,and Northeast part of Australia. In Indonesia, the wood is traded as ‘jengkol’, and it is known as ‘keredas’ in Malaysia (Hanum, 1998).

Based on wood identification macroscopically and mcroscopically, five wood samples are identified as bongin, mahagony, bintangur, saga, and jengkol wood, however timber origin is reamin unknown. Those five wood species are available in Indonesian market, then there is a possibility of the timbers are originated from Indonesia.

REFERENCES

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Hanum, F (1998). Archidendron F.v.Mueller. Dalam M.S.M. Sosef, L.T. Hong, & S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.). Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Timber trees: Lesser known timbers, 5(3), 84-87. Bogor: Prosea.

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Mandang, Y.I. & Pandit, I.K.N. (1997). Pedoman identifikasi jenis kayu di lapangan. Bogor: Yayasan PROSEA, Pusdiklat Pegawai dan SDM Kehutanan, ITTO.

Prawirohatmadjo, S. (1994). Swietenia Jacq. dalam I. Soerianegara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Eds.). Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Timber trees: Major commercial timbers, 5(1), 442-447.

Rojo, P. (1998). Adenanthera L. Dalam M.S.M. Sosef, L.T. Hong, & S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.). Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Timber trees: Lesser known timbers, 5(3), 47-50. Bogor: Prosea.

Sulaiman, A. (1994). Swietenia Jacq. dalam I. Soerianegara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Eds.). Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Timber trees: Major commercial timbers, 5(1), 442-447.

Tribunews. (2007). http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2016/03/30/pekerja-tiongkok-serbu-surabaya-dari-prt-murah-hingga-penjual-sayur-di-kompleks-perumahan

Wheeler, E.A., Baas, P., & Gasson, P.E. (1989). IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification.IAWA, 10(3), 219-332.

Yusuf, R. (1998). Irvingia Hook.f. Dalam M.S.M. Sosef, L.T. Hong, & S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.). Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Timber trees: Lesser known timbers, 5(3), 301-303. Bogor. Prosea

Written by : Dr. Krisdianto

Translator : Dr. Krisdianto